|
(詳細はAct of the Parliament of England (12 Cha. II c. 11), the long title of which is "An Act of Free and General Pardon, Indemnity, and Oblivion".〔Charles II, 1660: An Act of Free and Generall Pardon Indemnity and Oblivion., Statutes of the Realm: volume 5: 1628-80 (1819), pp. 226-34. (British History Online ), Date accessed: 27 February 2007.〕 This act was a general pardon for everyone who had committed crimes during the Civil War and Interregnum with the exception of certain crimes such as murder (without a licence granted by King or Parliament), piracy, buggery, rape and witchcraft, and people named in the act such as those involved in the regicide of Charles I. It also said that no action was to be taken against those involved at any later time, and that the Interregnum was to be legally forgotten.〔An act of free and general pardon, indemnity and oblivion〕 ==History== The Indemnity and Oblivion Act fulfilled the suggestion given in the Declaration of Breda that reprisals against the establishment which had developed during the English Interregnum would be restricted to those who had officiated in the regicide of King Charles I. The passage of the Indemnity and Oblivion Act through the Convention Parliament was secured by Lord Clarendon, the first minister of King Charles II, and it became law on 29 August 1660 during the first year of the English Restoration. The lands of the Crown and the established Church were automatically restored, but lands of Royalists and other dissenters confiscated and sold during the Civil War and interregnum were left for private negotiation or litigation, meaning that the government would not help the Loyalists in regaining their property. Disappointed Royalists commented that the Act meant "indemnity for () enemies and oblivion for his friends".〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199550371.001.0001/acref-9780199550371-e-1804 )〕 Historians, on the other hand, have generally praised the King and Clarendon for the generosity and clemency of the Act, in an age not normally noted for mercy.〔Kenyon, J.P.. ''The Stuart Constitution'' 2nd Edition Cambridge University Press 1986 p.336〕 Twenty years later, during the Popish Plot, Charles tried unsuccessfully to stand against the relentless demand for the execution of Catholic priests, and reminded the public sharply of how many of them had previously benefited from his reluctance to shed blood.〔Kenyon, J.P. ''The Popish Plot'' Phoenix Press Reissue 2000 p. 154〕 The act is often viewed from the perspective of those who were not pardoned and thus condemned to death. However, the debate in Parliament continued almost every day for over two months and names were added and taken off the list of those who were not to be pardoned. Initially there were only seven on the list to be exempted from the act.〔(House of Commons Journal Volume 8, 5 June 1660, Proceedings against Regicides ) That the Seven Persons who, by former Order, are to be excepted out of the Act of general Pardon for Life and Estate, be named here in this House. Resolved, That Thomas Harrison be one of the Seven Persons.〕〔(House of Commons Journal Volume 8, 5 June 1660 ).〕 These were Thomas Harrison, William Say, John Jones Maesygarnedd, Thomas Scot, John Lisle, Cornelius Holland, and John Barkstead. On 7 June, the Commons, mindful of the Declaration of Breda, stated they as the Commons could add to the list others who would not be covered by the general pardon. They immediately added John Cooke, Andrew Broughton, Edward Dendy, and the “Two Persons who were upon the Scaffold in a Disguise”.〔(House of Commons Journal Volume 8, 7 June 1660 )〕 On 8 June, the Commons voted that “That the Number of Twenty, and no more, (other than those that are already excepted, or sat as Judges upon the late King’s Majesty) shall be excepted out of the Act of general Pardon and Oblivion, for and in respect only of such Pains, Penalties, and Forfeitures, (not extending to Life) as shall be thought fit to be inflicted on them by another Act, intended to be hereafter passed for that purpose”.〔(House of Commons Journal Volume 8, 8 June 1660 House of Commons Journal Volume 8, 8 June 1660 ) The twenty who punishment did not extend to life were added to the list.〕 One of the people to benefit directly from the Act was John Milton, who was released from prison.〔(Milton Agonistes ) By Tony Tanner for the New York Times April 6, 1997.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Indemnity and Oblivion Act」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|